Needle electrode fixation device and associated methods

ABSTRACT

A needle electrode fixation device is configured to secure a transdermal needle electrode to a patient. The device includes a base having a body that defines a first portion and a second portion. The first and second portions are rotatable relative to each other. The first portion defines a channel configured to fit a portion of the transdermal needle electrode. The second portion defines a recess configured to fit a tip of the needle electrode. The device further includes an adhesive layer configured to affix the base to the patient.

RELATED APPLICATION

This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/240,156, filed Oct. 12, 2015, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety herein.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This disclosure relates generally to a transdermal needle electrode fixation device and associated methods.

BACKGROUND

Intraoperative neuromonitoring (IONM) uses electrophysiological methods such as electroencephalography (EEG), electromyography (EMG), and evoked potentials to monitor the functional integrity of certain neural structures (e.g., nerves, spinal cord and parts of the brain). IONM reduces the risk of iatrogenic damage to the nervous system of a patient by providing functional guidance to a surgeon and/or an anesthesiologist. IONM employs transdermal needle electrodes that are inserted into the patient and connected to a control system that processes and displays the signals picket up by the electrodes.

SUMMARY

Health care providers are at risk for needle sticks from transdermal needle electrodes during patient repositioning, needle removal, and needle disposal. Because IONM may involve insertion of up to 40 needle electrodes in the patient, there are many opportunities for needle sticks. Additionally, movement of an electrode needle relative to the patient compromises recordation of neuromonitoring, potentially inhibiting a health care provider's awareness of physiological changes in the patient. The needle electrode fixation devices described herein are configured to minimize the likelihood of needle sticks and also to minimize movement of a needle electrode relative to the patient.

In a first aspect of the present disclosure, a needle electrode fixation device is configured to secure a transdermal needle electrode to a patient. The device includes a base having a body that defines a first portion and a second portion. The first and second portions are rotatable relative to each other. The first portion defines a channel configured to fit a portion of the transdermal needle electrode. The second portion defines a recess configured to fit a tip of the needle electrode. The device further includes an adhesive layer configured to affix the base to the patient.

In a second aspect of the present disclosure, a method of using a needle electrode fixation device to secure a transdermal needle electrode to a patient is disclosed. The device includes a base having a body that defines a first portion that further defines a channel in which a portion of the transdermal needle electrode is disposed and a second portion that further defines a recess in which a tip of the needle electrode is disposed. The device also includes an adhesive layer. The method includes a step of rotating the first portion of the body relative to the second portion so as remove the tip of the needle electrode from the recess. The method also includes a step of puncturing a skin surface of the patient with the tip of the needle electrode. The method also includes a step of inserting the needle electrode into a transdermal layer of the patient. The method also includes a step of affixing the needle electrode fixation device to the skin surface with the adhesive layer. The method also includes a step of removing the adhesive layer from the skin surface. The method also includes a step of withdrawing the needle electrode from the transdermal layer of the patient, the withdrawing step resulting in the tip of the needle electrode being biased into the recess so as to minimize exposure to the tip.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The foregoing summary, as well as the following detailed description of illustrative embodiments of the needle electrode fixation device and associated methods of the present application, will be better understood when read in conjunction with the appended drawings. For the purposes of illustrating the device of the present application, there is shown in the drawings illustrative embodiments. It should be understood, however, that the application is not limited to the precise arrangements and instrumentalities shown. In the drawings:

FIGS. 1A and 1B depicts a needle electrode fixation device, including a cover, an adhesive layer, a base and two needle electrodes;

FIGS. 2A, 2B, and 2C depicts the base and two needle electrodes of the needle electrode fixation device shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B;

FIG. 3 depicts the base shown in FIGS. 2A, 2B, and 2C;

FIG. 4 depicts another needle electrode fixation device that includes a cover, an adhesive layer, a base, two needle electrodes, and a wireless control unit;

FIG. 5 depicts the base and wireless control unit of the needle fixation device shown in FIG. 4;

FIG. 6 is an exploded view of the base and two needle electrodes of the needle fixation device shown in FIG. 4;

FIGS. 7A and 7B are cross-sectional views of the needle fixation device shown in FIG. 4 taken along sectional line 7-7; and

FIGS. 8A and 8B are cross-sectional views of a third needle fixation device that includes a cover, an adhesive layer, a base, and two needle electrodes.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE ILLUSTRATIVE EMBODIMENTS

Aspects of the disclosure will now be described in detail with reference to the drawings, wherein like reference numbers refer to like elements throughout, unless specified otherwise. Certain terminology is used in the following description for convenience only and is not limiting.

Referring to FIGS. 1A and 1B, a needle electrode fixation device 10 includes a pair of transdermal needle electrodes 12 a, 12 b. Needle electrodes 12 a, 12 b are configured for insertion into a patient for IONM. Each needle electrode 12 a, 12 b has a body that tapers to form a needle tip 12 a′, 12 b′ that is configured to puncture a surface of the patient's skin. The needle electrodes 12 a, 12 b may be attached to electrode leads 14 a, 14 b that connect to a control system 60 that receives signals from the needle electrodes and displays parameters based on those signals that represent physiological aspects of the patient. The embodiments described herein include two electrodes, but each of the embodiments described may be modified to include another number of electrodes, such as one, three, or four electrodes. In some embodiments, a first electrode 12 a may be configured to be a ground or reference electrode and a second electrode 12 b may be configured to record signals received. Alternatively, first electrode 12 a may be configured to stimulate the patient and second electrode 12 b may be configured to transmit the patient's response to the stimulation of first electrode 12 a.

Needle electrode fixation device 10 further includes an adhesive layer 50 (shown in FIG. 1B) and a cover 52. Adhesive layer 50 is configured to secure the device 10 to the surface of the patient's skin. Adhesive layer 50 has a top adhesive surface configured to attach to a base 20 of the needle fixation device and a bottom adhesive surface configured to attach to the patient's skin. Adhesive layer 50 and its bottom layer may be comprised of biocompatible materials including acrylates (e.g., methacrylates and epoxy diacrylates) and other materials commonly used for securing bandages, wraps, and other medical devices to human skin. Cover 52 is affixed to the top of base 20 and may include an interference artifact shield configured to minimize electrical interference that might otherwise be detected by the needle electrodes 12 a, 12 b. Portions of the adhesive layer 50 and the cover 52 overlap the base 20 so as to together form a tab 54 that may be used to enable removal of the needle electrode fixation device 10. Flat, flexible circuitry for wireless transmission of data may also be disposed between the adhesive layer 50 and the cover 52 to provide for wireless transmission of data. For example, the flat, flexible circuitry may be disposed in the tab 54.

With reference to FIGS. 2A, 2B, and 2C, base 20 includes a body 22 that defines a first portion 30 and a second portion 40. The first portion 30 is configured to move relative to the second portion 40. For example, first portion 30 may be configured to rotate relative to second portion 40 about an axis X (shown in FIG. 3). First portion 30 and second portion 40 are connected to each other by a biasing member 24.

Referring to FIG. 3, biasing member 24 biases first portion 30 at an angle relative to second portion 40. Specifically, first portion 30 defines a bottom surface 31 that is generally planar and extends along a first line F. Second portion 40 defines a bottom surface 41 that is generally planar and extends along a second line S. First line F and second line S extend perpendicular to axis X, about which first portion 30 and second portion 40 are rotatable. Biasing member 24 is configured to bias the first portion 30 at an angle relative to second portion 40 such that, after being formed (for example, by injection molding) and prior to application of adhesive layer 50 and cover 52, first line F forms an angle A with second line S. Angle A may be between 100 and 170 degrees, such as between 120 and 160 degrees, such as between 130 and 150 degrees. After adhesive layer 50 and cover 52 are disposed on base 20, angle A is approximately 180 degrees (e.g., between 170 and 190 degrees, such as between 175 and 185 degrees) and first portion 30 and second portion 40 are biased relative to each other such that needle tips 12 a′, 12 b′ are disposed in recesses 42 a, 42 b (described below) unless the biasing force is overcome so as to expose needle tips 12 a′, 12 b′ for insertion into the patient.

Body 22 of base 20 is formed such that biasing member 24 biases the first portion 30 and the second portion 40 such that the device 10 is self-capping to cover needle tips 12 a′, 12 b′ when they are not inserted into the patient's skin. In some examples, device 10 may be further configured to form to curvatures of portions of the surface of the patient's skin. First portion 30 and second portion 40 may be formed with tapered sides (or no sides) such that the device 10 has a smooth upper surface in order to enhance patient comfort. Body 22, including biasing member 24, first portion 30, and second portion, may be injection molded as a single piece. For example, body 22 may be injection molded in the configuration shown in FIG. 3. In alternative embodiments, the adhesive layer 50 includes an elastic portion that biases first portion 30 and second portion 40 at angle A.

First portion 30 defines channels 32 a, 32 b configured to fit needle electrodes 12 a, 12 b, respectively. Channels 32 a, 32 b extend through first portion 30 parallel to first line F. Channels 32 a, 32 b may be circular and define diameters that are slightly larger than the diameters of needle electrodes 12 a, 12 b such that needle electrodes 12 a, 12 b pass through channels 32 a, 32 b and lateral movement is minimized. In alternative embodiments, first portion 30 may have a single channel that extends parallel to first line F and is large enough to fit both needle electrodes 12 a, 12 b.

As shown in FIGS. 2B and 2C, second portion 40 defines recesses 42 a, 42 b that correspond to channels 32 a, 32 b and are configured to fit the tips 12 a′, 12 b′ of needle electrodes 12 a, 12 b. Recesses 42 a, 42 b may each be defined by a pair of side surfaces 44 a, 44 b and a top surface 46 a, 46 b. In alternative embodiments, a single recess may be configured to fit both tips 12 a′, 12 b′. For example, a single recess may extend between the outer of each of sidewalls 44 a and 44 b and be further defined by a top surface that extends between the two sidewalls. As shown in FIGS. 2A, 2B, 2C, and 3, a top portion of the body 22 separates recesses 42 a, 42 b such that needles 12 a, 12 b disposed in the recesses 42 a, 42 b are blocked from extending through the body 22.

Prior to use, tips 12 a′, 12 b′ of needle electrodes 12 a, 12 b may be inserted through channels 32 a, 32 b and into recesses 42 a, 42 b. Adhesive layer 50 may be affixed to base 20 before or after needle electrodes 12 a, 12 b are inserted into channels 32 a, 32 b. Adhesive layer 50 may have an aperture, or multiple apertures that correspond to recesses 42 a, 42 b such that the tips 12 a′, 12 b′ of the needle electrodes 12 a, 12 b can pass from recesses 42 a, 42 b through the adhesive layer 50. Cover 52 may also be secured to base 20 before or after needle electrodes 12 a, 12 b are inserted through base 20.

In one example, base 20 is first disposed on top of the top adhesive surface of adhesive layer 50. Cover 52 is then disposed on top of the base 20 and the adhesive layer 50 so as to cover any of the top adhesive surface of the adhesive layer 50 that is not covered by the base 20. Tips 12 a′, 12 b′ of needle electrodes 12 a, 12 b then puncture through cover 52 into channels 32 a, 32 b, and into recesses 42 a, 42 b. Before or after insertion into the base 20, needle electrodes 12 a, 12 b may be connected to electrode leads 14 a, 14 b. Alternatively, needle electrodes 12 a, 12 b may be inserted into base 20 prior to affixing base 20 to the top adhesive surface of the adhesive layer 50. Cover 52 may then be affixed utilizing a cutout configured such that cover 52 can wrap below the electrode leads 14 a, 14 b.

In order to insert electrodes 12 a, 12 b into the patient, base 20 is flexed about axis X so as to overcome the force of biasing member 24 and such that angle A is greater than 180 degrees and needle electrodes 12 a, 12 b are exposed from recesses 42 a, 42 b. The healthcare provider then inserts the tips 12 a′, 12 b′ of the exposed needle electrodes into the patient's skin. Once the needle electrodes 12 a, 12 b are inserted into the patient's skin and rotational force about axis X is released, biasing member 24 causes angle A to decrease. Specifically, second portion 40 moves relative to first portion 30 such that angle A conforms to the contours of the patient's skin. The adhesive later 50 is then affixed to the surface of the patient's skin such that second portion 40 is disposed above needle electrodes 12 a, 12 b.

As described above, needle electrodes 12 a, 12 b are connected to electrode leads 14 a, 14 b that send and receive signals to and from a control system 60 (shown schematically in FIG. 1B). Control system 60 may be configured to process and display electrophysiological signals as they are sensed by recording electrodes. Control system 60 may also be configured to selectively activate stimulating electrodes and process and display electrophysiological signals as they are sensed by recording electrodes. A baseline for various parameters is then established and deviations from that baseline may be used to, for example, to localize neural structures, to test function of these structures, and to detect intraoperative injury. In alternative embodiments, needle electrodes 12 a, 12 b may be wirelessly connected to control system 60 using radiofrequency (RF), Bluetooth, acoustic, or infrared technology.

After use, needle electrodes 12 a, 12 b may be removed from the patient by first pulling the tab 54 of the needle electrode fixation device 10 away from the patient. As the needle electrodes 12 a, 12 b are withdrawn from the patient's skin, biasing member 24 acts to quickly bias the needle electrodes 12 a, 12 b back into recesses 42 a, 42 b so as to minimize exposure of the tips 12 a′, 12 b′ to the health care provider.

FIGS. 4, 5, 6, 7A, and 7B depict another needle electrode fixation device 110. Like needle electrode fixation device 10, needle electrode fixation device 110 may be connected to a control system 160 which processes and displays electrophysiological signals as they are picked by recording electrodes. As shown in FIGS. 4 and 5, control system 160 is wireless and includes a first wireless transceiver 162 mounted on the needle electrode fixation device 110 as well as a second wireless transceiver 164 connected to a processing unit 166. The first wireless transceiver 162 and the second wireless transceiver 164 are connected, for example, via radiofrequency (RF), Bluetooth, acoustic, or infrared technology. In alternative embodiments, needle electrodes 12 a, 12 b may be hard wired to the control system 160, including processing unit 166.

Needle electrode fixation device 110 further includes an adhesive layer 150 (shown in FIGS. 7A and 7B) and a cover 152. Adhesive layer 150 is configured to secure the device 110 to the surface of the patient's skin. Adhesive layer 150 has a top adhesive surface configured to attach to a base 120 of the needle electrode fixation device 110 and a bottom adhesive surface configured to attach to the patient's skin. Like adhesive layer 50, adhesive layer 150 and its bottom layer may be comprised of biocompatible materials including acrylates (e.g., methacrylates and epoxy diacrylates) and other materials commonly used for securing bandages, wraps, and other medical devices to human skin. Cover 152 is affixed to the top of base 120 and may include an interference artifact shield configured to minimize electrical interference that might otherwise be detected by the needle electrodes 12 a, 12 b. Portions of the adhesive layer 150 and the cover 152 overlap the base 120 so as to together form a tab 154 that may be used to enable removal of the needle electrode fixation device 110.

With reference to FIG. 6, base 120 includes a body 122 that defines a first portion 130 and a second portion 140. The first portion 130 is configured to move relative to the second portion 140. For example, first portion 130 may be configured to rotate relative to second portion 140 about an axis Y (shown in FIG. 3). Body 122 of base 120 is formed such the first portion 130 and the second portion 140 are rotatable in relation to one another such that the device 110 is self-capping to cover needle tips 12 a′, 12 b′ when they are not inserted into the patient's skin. In some examples, device 110 may be further configured so as to form to curvatures of portions of the surface of the patient's skin. Body 122 may be injection molded as a single piece.

First portion 130 defines channels 132 a, 132 b configured to fit needle electrodes 12 a, 12 b, respectively. Channels 132 a, 132 b extend through first portion 130. Channels 132 a, 132 b may be circular and define diameters that are slightly larger than the diameters of needle electrodes 12 a, 12 b such that needle electrodes 12 a, 12 b pass through channels 132 a, 132 b and lateral movement is minimized. In alternative embodiments, first portion 130 may have a single channel that is large enough to fit both needle electrodes 12 a, 12 b.

As shown in FIG. 6, second portion 140 defines recesses 142 a, 142 b that correspond to channels 132 a, 132 b and are configured to fit the tips 12 a′, 12 b′ of needle electrodes 12 a, 12 b. Recesses 142 a, 142 b may each be defined by side surface 144 a, 144 b and a protective layer 146 that is disposed between the body 122 and the cover 152. Protective layer 146 may include a plastic material, such as polycarbonate, polyethylene, polypropylene, or another material that is resistant to puncture from needle electrodes 12 a, 12 b. Protective layer 146 is configured to minimize the likelihood that needle electrodes 12 a, 12 b will protrude through the upper surface of the base 120. In alternative embodiments, a single recess may be configured to fit both tips 12 a′, 12 b′. For example, a single recess may extend between the outer of each of sidewalls 44 a and 44 b and be further defined by the protective layer 146.

An elastomer layer 124 is disposed between the body 122 and the adhesive layer 150 and is configured to bias the first portion 130 into a rotatable position relative to the second portion 140 about axis Y such that needle electrodes 12 a, 12 b are disposed in recesses. Specifically, elastomer layer 124 imparts opposite rotational forces on the first portion 130 and the second portion 140 about axis Y so as to pull second portion 140 down around needle electrodes 12 a, 12 b.

Prior to use, tips 12 a′, 12 b′ of needle electrodes 12 a, 12 b may be inserted through channels 132 a, 132 b and into recesses 142 a, 142 b. Adhesive layer 150 and elastomer layer 124 may be affixed to base 120 before or after needle electrodes 12 a, 12 b are inserted into channels 132 a, 132 b. Adhesive layer 150 and elastomer layer 124 may each have an aperture, or multiple apertures that correspond to recesses 142 a, 142 b such that the tips 12 a′, 12 b′ of the needle electrodes 12 a, 12 b can pass from recesses 142 a, 142 b through the adhesive layer 150. Cover 152 and protective layer 146 may also be secured to base 120 before or after needle electrodes 12 a, 12 b are inserted through base 120.

In one example, base 120 is first disposed on top of the elastomer layer 124, which is disposed on top adhesive surface of adhesive layer 150. Cover 152 is then disposed on top of the protective layer 146, which is disposed on top of the base 120 and the adhesive layer 150 so as to cover any of the top adhesive surface of the adhesive layer 150 that is not covered by the base 120. Tips 12 a′, 12 b′ of needle electrodes 12 a, 12 b then puncture through cover 152 into channels 132 a, 132 b, and into recesses 142 a, 142 b. Before or after insertion into the base 120, needle electrodes 12 a, 12 b may be connected to electrode leads 14 a, 14 b. Alternatively, needle electrodes 12 a, 12 b may be inserted into base 120 prior to affixing base 120 to the top adhesive surface of the adhesive layer 150. Cover 152 may then be affixed utilizing a cutout configured such that cover 152 can wrap below the electrode leads 14 a, 14 b.

Similar to the method described above in relation to needle electrode fixation device 10, in order to insert electrodes 12 a, 12 b into the patient, base 120 is flexed about axis Y so as to overcome the force of elastomer layer 124 such that needle electrodes 12 a, 12 b are exposed from recesses 142 a, 142 b. The healthcare provider then inserts the tips 12 a′, 12 b′ of the exposed needle electrodes into the patient's skin. Once the needle electrodes 12 a, 12 b are inserted into the patient's skin, elastomer layer 124 again places opposite rotational forces on first portion 130 and second portion 140 to rotate first portion 130 and second portion 140 about axis Y. Specifically, second portion 140 moves relative to first portion 130 so as to conform to the contours of the patient's skin. The adhesive layer 150 is then affixed to the surface of the patient's skin such that second portion 140 is disposed above needle electrodes 12 a, 12 b.

Once secured to the patient, and as described above, needle electrodes 12 a, 12 b are configured to send and receive signals to and from control system 160. After use, needle electrodes 12 a, 12 b may be removed from the patient by first pulling the tab 154 of the needle electrode fixation device 110 away from the patient. As the needle electrodes 12 a, 12 b are withdrawn from the patient's skin, elastomer layer 124 acts to quickly bias the needle electrodes 12 a, 12 b back into recesses 142 a, 142 b so as to minimize exposure of the tips 12 a′, 12 b′ to the health care provider.

FIGS. 8A, and 8B depict a third needle electrode fixation device 210. Like needle electrode fixation devices 10 and 110, needle electrode fixation device 110 may be connected to a control system (not shown) which processes and displays electrophysiological signals as they are picked by recording electrodes.

Needle electrode fixation device 210 further includes an adhesive layer 250 and a cover 252. Adhesive layer 250 is configured to secure the device 210 to the surface of the patient's skin. Adhesive layer 250 has a top adhesive surface configured to attach to a base 220 of the needle electrode fixation device 210 and a bottom adhesive surface configured to attach to the patient's skin. Like adhesive layers 50 and 150, adhesive layer 150 and its bottom layer may be comprised of biocompatible materials including acrylates (e.g., methacrylates and epoxy diacrylates) and other materials commonly used for securing bandages, wraps, and other medical devices to human skin. Cover 252 is affixed to the top of base 220 and may include an interference artifact shield configured to minimize electrical interference that might otherwise be detected by the needle electrodes 12 a, 12 b. Portions of the adhesive layer 250 and the cover 252 overlap the base 220 so as to together form a tab 254 that may be used to enable removal of the needle electrode fixation device 210.

Base 220 includes a body 222 which defines at least one recess 242 in which a tether 206 and a biasing member 224 are disposed. Tether 206 and biasing member 224 are each configured to rotate needle electrodes 12 a, 12 b in opposite directions about an axis Z (shown as a point in FIGS. 8A and 8B and extending perpendicular to the page). For example, in FIG. 8A, biasing member 224 is imparting a rotational force on needle electrodes 12 a, 12 b to rotate needle electrodes 12 a, 12 b into the at least one recess 142. In FIG. 8B, tether 206 has been pulled in a direction D that is perpendicular to axis Z so as to overcome the rotational force of biasing member 224 and rotate needle electrodes 12 a, 12 b out of the at least one recess 142.

Body 222 of base 220 may be formed of a flexible material such that the device 210 is self-capping to cover needle tips 12 a′, 12 b′ when they are not inserted into the patient's skin. In some examples, device 210 may be further configured so as to form to curvatures of portions of the surface of the patient's skin. Body 222 may also include a protective layer 246 that is disposed between the body 222 and the cover 252. Like protective layer 146, protective layer 246 may include a plastic material, such as polycarbonate, polyethylene, polypropylene, or another material that is resistant to puncture from needle electrodes 12 a, 12 b. Protective layer 246 is configured to minimize the likelihood that needle electrodes 12 a, 12 b will protrude through the upper surface of the base 220. In some embodiments, a single recess may be configured to fit both tips 12 a′, 12 b′. In other embodiments, each tip 12 a′, 12 b′ may be disposed in a separate recess.

Prior to use, tips 12 a′, 12 b′ of needle electrodes 12 a, 12 b may be inserted into the base 220. As described above, adhesive layer 250 may be affixed to base 220 before or after needle electrodes 12 a, 12 b are inserted into the base. Adhesive layer 250 may have an aperture, or multiple apertures that correspond to the at least one recesses 242 such that the tips 12 a′, 12 b′ of the needle electrodes 12 a, 12 b can pass from the at least one recesses 242 through the adhesive layer 250. Cover 252 may also be secured to base 220 before or after needle electrodes 12 a, 12 b are inserted through base 220.

In order to insert electrodes 12 a, 12 b into the patient, tether 206 is pulled in direction D so as to overcome the force of the biasing member 224 such that needle electrodes 12 a, 12 b rotate about axis Z and are exposed from the at least one recess 142. The healthcare provider then inserts the tips 12 a′, 12 b′ of the exposed needle electrodes into the patient's skin. Once the needle electrodes 12 a, 12 b are inserted into the patient's skin, adhesive layer 150 is then affixed to the surface of the patient's skin such that tether 206 remains taught in direction D and needle electrodes 12 a, 12 b remain rotated about axis Z.

Once secured to the patient, and as described above, needle electrodes 12 a, 12 b are configured to send and receive signals to and from the control system. After use, needle electrodes 12 a, 12 b may be removed from the patient by first pulling the tab 254 of the needle electrode fixation device 210 away from the patient. As the needle electrodes 12 a, 12 b and adhesive layer 250 are removed from the patient, tether 206 is released and biasing member 224 acts to quickly pull the needle electrodes 12 a, 12 b back into the at least one recess 242 so as to minimize exposure of the tips 12 a′, 12 b′ to the health care provider.

Additional changes could be made to the embodiments described above without departing from the broad inventive concept thereof. It is understood, therefore, that this disclosure is not limited to the particular embodiments disclosed, but it is intended to cover modifications within the spirit and scope of the present disclosure as defined by the claims. 

1-17. (canceled)
 18. A needle electrode fixation device configured to secure a needle electrode to a subject, the device comprising: a first body portion having a proximal end and a distal end, and comprising a tubular channel running from the proximal end to the distal end, the tubular channel configured to fit a portion of the needle electrode; a second body portion connected to the distal end of the first portion, rotatable with respect to the first portion about an axis parallel to the distal end, the second portion comprising a recess configured to fit a tip of the needle electrode; and a biasing member connected to the first and second body portions, configured to hold the first and second body portions at a biasing angle and to exert a rotational force about the axis when the second portion is displaced from the biasing angle with respect to the first portion.
 19. The needle electrode fixation device of claim 18, wherein the biasing angle is between 100 degrees and 170 degrees.
 20. The needle electrode fixation device of claim 19, wherein the biasing angle is between 130 and 150 degrees.
 21. The needle electrode fixation device of claim 18, further comprising a cover connected to the first and second body portions, configured to hold the first and second body portions at a second angle different from the biasing angle, and to exert a contrary rotational force about the axis when the second portion is displaced from the second angle with respect to the first portion.
 22. The needle electrode fixation device of claim 21, wherein the second angle is between 170 degrees and 190 degrees.
 23. The needle electrode fixation device of claim 22, wherein the second angle is between 175 degrees and 185 degrees.
 24. The needle electrode fixation device of claim 18, wherein the first body portion and the second body portion are a single injection-molded piece.
 25. The needle electrode fixation device of claim 18, further comprising a second tubular channel parallel to the tubular channel, configured to fit a portion of a second needle electrode.
 26. The needle electrode fixation device of claim 25, the recess in the second body portion being configured to fit a tip of the second needle electrode.
 27. The needle electrode fixation device of claim 25, the second body portion further comprising a second recess configured to fit a tip of the second needle electrode.
 28. A method of positioning a needle electrode in a device, comprising: accepting a portion of a needle electrode into a channel in a first portion of a device; accepting a tip of the needle electrode into a recess in a second portion of the device, the second portion rotatably connected to the first portion; and exerting a first rotational force on the second portion relative to the first portion in a first direction.
 29. The method of claim 28, further comprising exerting a second rotational force on the second portion relative to the first portion in the opposite direction, such that the second rotational force and the first rotational force hold the second portion at an equilibrium point relative to the first portion, the equilibrium point configured to be self-capping to cover the tip of the needle electrode within the recess.
 30. The method of claim 29, further comprising rotating the second portion relative to the first portion to expose the needle electrode, thereby removing the tip of the needle electrode from the recess.
 31. The method of claim 30, further comprising the step of inserting the needle electrode into a transdermal layer of a subject.
 32. The method of claim 31, further comprising affixing the device to a skin surface of the subject with an adhesive layer positioned on the first portion of the device.
 33. The method of claim 31, further comprising affixing the device to a skin surface of the subject with an adhesive layer positioned on the second portion of the device.
 34. The method of claim 31, further comprising the step of withdrawing the needle electrode from the transdermal layer of the subject.
 35. The method of claim 18, further comprising the step of accepting a portion of a second needle electrode into a second channel in the first portion of the device.
 36. The method of claim 35, further comprising the step of accepting a tip of the second needle electrode into the recess in the second portion of the device.
 37. The method of claim 35, further comprising the step of accepting a tip of the second needle electrode into a second recess in the second portion of the device. 